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Antimicrobials

Across
Uptake of naked DNA from the environment
This type of modification reduces binding affinity of antibiotic to target; it is an acquired mechanism of resistance
Modified TEM, SHV, OXA type B β-Lactamases; Extended substrate utilization & greater affinity for antibiotic Specific sets of penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams they can hydrolyze
This antibiotic interferes with DNA transcription by binding to the allosteric site of RNAP to block RNA chain elongation
SMZ can be used to treat these types of infections associated with Enterobacteriaceae
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is determined by the ____ of the specimen
This antibiotic interferes with 50S subunit; Binds peptidyltransferase domain; interferes with elongation by preventing aminoacyl-tRNA from binding and forming bonds (hyphenated)
Transpeptidases/transglycosylases, also known as ______, form crosslinks in Peptidoglycan
The 50S _____ subunit contains 5S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and 31 proteins.
This class of antibiotic prevents t-RNA from binding to A-binding site resulting in incorrect proteins made
Glycopeptide antibiotics are used for gram ____ bacteria, only.
This class of antibiotics targets the 50S subunit to block the exit tunnel for newly formed peptides resulting in premature release of peptidyl-tRNA intermediates
Present in certain isolates of the parent strain; chromosome mutations, horizontal gene transfer
In a biofilm, decreased O2 and nutrient availability leading to altered metabolic states is an example of ___ resistance factors
Genetic elements that integrate cassettes (Resistance genes) by an integron encoded, site specific recombinase; Capture resistance genes and integrate them into cassettes
Down
DNA transcription is mediated by _____ polymerase
This class of antibiotics targets the 30S subunit causing a physical block of protein elongation that results in early termination of the peptide chain
Antibiotics that can not traverse the cell wall to act on bacterial cellular processes is an example of intrinsic mechanism of resistance
This class of antibiotics bind the enzyme-DNA complex and stabilize it; blocking further DNA replication; they are used to treat Enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonads, staphylococci, enterococci, Neisseria, and streptococci (but not S. pneumoniae)
The 30S ribosomal _____ contains 16S rRNA and 21 proteins
This type of resistance mechanism is found in both intrinsic and acquired types; Transporter proteins involved in the removal of toxic substances (interior to exterior)
This folate synthesis inhibitor antibiotic binds to PABA
Glycopeptides can not cross gram negative cell walls because it is too ____.
Circular DNA elements that replicate independently of the chromosome
Antimicrobial resistance that is natural to all members of the species, result of biochemical make up
This folate synthesis inhibitor antibiotic prevents dihydrofolate reductase-mediated recycling of folate coenzymes
Lipopolysaccharides, phospholipids, porins are all unique to gram _____ bacteria
A part of the bacterial cell wall unique to bacteria; Alternating disaccharides- NAG (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) and NAM (N-acetyl-D- muramic acid) ; Peptide side chain on NAM, (D-Ala-D-Ala); Crosslink between neighboring peptide sidechains
Acquisition of new enzyme that replaces DHPS is an example of ____ resistance
Bacterial communities attached to a substrate and encased in a matrix (exopolysaccharide)
This type of gram negative rod is normal flora in stool but not blood
This type of resistant organism contains mecA , encodes a PBP called PBP2A that has reduced affinity for β-Lactam antibiotics