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STATS DEFINITIONS

Across
researchers group data into equal groups and select a subset of groups to randomly sample.
is a variable that records which of several categories a person or thing is in.
a ________ distribution is one that describes the distribution of a sample mean or sample statistic.
the term that refers to the most frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers.
a distribution where every discrete outcome has an equal chance of occurring (e.g. outcomes from a 6-sided die).
is the probability of rejecting the null, when the null is true (type 1 error).
states that no matter what distribution Y may have in the population, if the sample size (n) is large enough, then the sampling distribution will be approximately a normal distribution.
a sampling method where we separate our total population data into groups defined by their similarity (e.g. geographical region, SES level, or sex). Sample from each strata to create a final sample.
a distribution where every interval has an equal chance of occuring. (e.g. “our pizza will arrive in 30 mins or less” meaning every interval of time has the same chance of pizza delivery).
a variable that records the amount of something.
a smooth distribution of probabilities for a random, continuous variable. (e.g. the length of a leg or concentration of protein in urine).
is the logical opposite of the null hypothesis. It states that a statistically significant difference does exist between the population parameter and the sample statistic being compared.
1 - beta.
a distribution of probabilities for discrete, binary events where the probability of event E is fixed at p.
is a numeric variable that is measured on a continuous scale.
a large ______ indicates a value of t-statistic, near the center of the t distribution (lack of evidence for HA), whereas a small ______ indicates a value of the t-statistic in the far tails of the t-distribution (more evidence against the HO).
Down
the square root of the sum of squares divided by n-1 degrees of freedom.
is the probability of failing to reject the null, when the null is false (type 2 error).
a sampling method where each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process.
is not used to describe the data, rather it uses the sample mean to make inferences about the population mean. It allows us to conclude that our true value for the population mean is contained within the limits of our interval, with a certain degree of confidence.
researchers group data into equal groups and select a subset of groups to sample completely.
is a numeric variable for which we can list the possible values, not on a continuous scale.
the sum of all the observations divided by the number of observations.
a measure of the center of the data set (the middle number).
the actual numbers that summarize something about the real world.
represents the probability of E2 happening, given that E1 happened.
a sampling method based on a fixed, periodic interval (also know as a pattern).
s squared.
a distribution that describes the probability of rare events (earthquakes/year, etc.) where there is no maximum number of events per period.
the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
the difference between the largest and smallest observations in a sample.