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Renal System

Across
The main function of _________ hormone is to maintain the calcium concentration of the extracellular fluid.
Muscle cramps, weakness, headache, depression, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea are all manifestations of __________.
In _____ renal failure, one of the earliest manifestations of residual tubular damage is the inability to concentrate urine as evidenced by the specific gravity.
Between 89% and 95% of ___________ is formed by the kidney and is stimulated by tissue hypoxia.
Angiotensin II stimulates _____ secretion, which acts on the distal tubule to increase sodium reabsorption.
Renin acts to convert ________ to angiotensin I
When the hydrogen concentration is above normal, the _______ system is stimulated resulting in increased ventilation.
Polydipsia, oliguria, dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased tissue turgor, decreased reflexes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulses, decreased blood pressure are all manifestations of __________.
In people with SIADH, ADH secretion continues even when serum osmolality is ________, causing marked water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
The reabsorption of water by the kidneys is regulated by _________.
Down
The first symptom of hyperkalemia is __________.
These sensors respond to pressure induced stretch of the vessel wall.
Angiotensin II is a potent _________.
This enzyme is thought to be released in response to a low renal blood flow or a change in the composition of the distal tubular fluid
The rate of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland is strongly controlled by plasma ______ levels.
In metabolic acidosis, there is a _______ in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in pH.
The ____ gap describes the difference between the sum of cations and anions in plasma.
In metabolic alkalosis, there is an ______ in pH due to an excess in bicarbonate or a loss of hydrogen ion.
Serum _______ refects the glomerular filtration rate.
Angiotensin II acts directly on the renal tubules to _____sodium reabsorption, to constrict renal blood vessels, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and slowing renal blood flow, so less sodium is filtered out.