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Human Physiology Chapter 13

Across
Newborn respiratory distress syndrome can be caused by being born _____, because pulmonary surfactant is not synthesized yet.
Normal lung tissue requires little effort to stretch it, this is known as pulmonary _____.
Partial pressure of _____ is constant at about 100 mm Hg in alveoli and 40 mm Hg in the blood.
Partial pressure of _____ is about 46 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in alveoli..
The law of _____ ____ there is a direct relationship between the concentration of oxyhemoglobin and dissolved O2. The greater the percentage of saturation is of Hb, the greater the amount of O2 available for delivery to the tissues.
Respiration that is the intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which use O2 and produce CO2 while deriving energy from nutrient molecules.
Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximal expiration.
Moving air into and out of the lungs, breathing.
Volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single resting breath.
As Pco2 and/or acidity increases, Hb can hold onto less O2, providing an unloading stimulus. Increased temperature also shifts the O2-Hb curve to the right, resulting in increased O2 unloading/delivery to the tissues.
Enhances venous return (VR) (acts as a respiratory pump); helps maintain normal acid/base balance by altering the amount of CO2 exhaled; enables speech; defends against inhaled foreign matter; and removes, modifies, activates, or inactivates various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation.
O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the air in the alveoli and the blood within the pulmonary capillaries. Also, O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the tissue cells and the blood across systemic capillaries.
ERV + RV =
Flattened epithelial cells of the alveolar wall.
Thin-walled, inflatable sacs encircled by pulmonary capillaries, there are about 500 million of these in the lungs.
Phospholipoprotein that reduces surface tension and aids in lung expansion.
Respiratory _____ conduct air between the atmosphere and alveoli.
An iron-bearing protein molecule contained in RBCs. It easily can reversibly combine with O2. Acts as the oxygen storage depot.
At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas in a closed container varies inversely with the volume of the gas.
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
Measured in mL/min. TV + respiratory rate
Down
Airflow directly between adjacent alveoli.
TV + IRV + ERV + RV = Simplified: VC + RV =
Maximal amount of air that can be moved out of the lungs following a maximal inspiration. TV + IRV + ERV =
Respiration that refers to the sequence of events in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the tissue cells.
Airway resistance is abnormally increased. Encompasses chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema.
CO2 is primarily transported in the blood as ____ ions.
Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above a TV inspiration.
Located in the carotid and aortic bodies or in the brain stem, these regulate the magnitude of ventilation in response to Po2, Pco2, and H+.
Hb binds with most of the H+ formed within the RBC. Reduced Hb has a greater affinity for H+ and CO2 than does HbO2.
IRV + TV =
Net outward pressure differential that pushes out on the lungs.
Small holes that exist in the walls of adjacent alveoli, permitting airflow directly between these alveoli.
Cells secrete pulmonary surfactant.
Major inspiratory muscle innervated by the phrenic nerve.
Alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation.
Extra volume of air that can be maximally expired beyond that normally expired during TV.